Acorn Barnacles Facts

Acorn barnacles are crustaceans in the Balanidae family and Balanus genus that all share the same common name and can include any stalkless barnacle in the order Sessilia. They are part of class Maxillopoda, and their genus name comes from the Greek word balanos, meaning acorn. Acorn barnacles live along rocky shores and are filter feeders. They begin life as free swimmers like other crustaceans but attach themselves to rocks or bottoms of boats and spend the rest of their lives in this position. Fast Facts Scientific Name: BalanusCommon Names: Acorn barnacleOrder: SessiliaBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: from 0.7 inch (balanus glandula) to above 4 inches (balanus nubilus)Life Span: 1 to 7 yearsDiet: Plankton and edible detritusHabitat: Rocky shoresPopulation: Not evaluatedFun Fact: In just 2 years, as much as 10 tons of acorn barnacles can be attached to ships, causing enough drag to increase fuel consumption by 40% Description Acorn Barnacle Shells. Â  medveh / Getty Images Plus Acorn barnacles are crustaceans and not mollusks. They are joint-legged animals that live inside cone-shaped shells, standing on their heads and grabbing food with their legs. Acorn barnacles are also sessile, or fixed in place, and remain in the place they attach themselves to as larvae. Due to their stationary lives, there is no discernible separation between the head and thorax. Because their legs absorb oxygen, acorn barnacles’ legs are feathery and gill-like. They produce a shell as they reach adulthood, which is made of six fused plates with a hole in the top to allow them to feed and a valve to seal the shell against predators. They also have cement glands that produce brown glue that attaches them to surfaces, an adhesive so strong that not even acids can remove the shell even after they have died. Common predators of acorn barnacles include starfish and snails. Both have the ability to penetrate their hard shells. Starfish can pull the shells apart while the snails are able to penetrate via the fused plates. Habitat and Distribution These creatures live on rocky shores along the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in temperate and tropical regions across the world. They primarily live in tropical, tidal zone, marine environments but can survive in cooler regions. They attach themselves to ship hulls, whales, turtles, and rocks depending on the surface contour, water movement, and light. Diet and Behavior Their diet consists of plankton and edible detritus that they filter from the water with their feathery legs. Once attached to a surface, the barnacle’s valve opens, and its legs search the water for plankton. The valve tightly closes when it is threatened by a predator or when the tide becomes low. The door allows them to trap water in their shells and conserve moisture so that they do not dry out. Acorn barnacles prefer to settle in large groups, which comes in handy during breeding season. Some species, like balanus glandula, can reach population densities of up to 750,000 per square foot. They compete for space with other rock dwellers such as anemones and mussels. Each species adapts to different tidal zones, so different acorn barnacle species can be zoned above or below each other. Reproduction and Offspring These barnacles are hermaphroditic, meaning they have both female and male sex organs. Since they can’t fertilize themselves, they rely on fertilizing neighboring individuals. Because acorn barnacles are stationary, they grow long penises, which can be up to 6 times the length of their own bodies at 3 inches. They pass and receive sperm within a 3 inch range, and any barnacles more than this range from any neighbor can not reproduce. At the end of mating season, the penis dissolves only to be grown again the next year. Each barnacle broods fertilized eggs within their shells. Once hatched, acorn barnacles begin life as free swimming larvae. When they decide to settle, the larvae glue their heads to a hard surface and build their cone-shaped shells of limestone, becoming miniature adults. Species Closeup of Balanus balanoides on a stone. HHelene / iStock / Getty Images Plus Acorn barnacles are any stalkless barnacle species in the genus Balanus, and any barnacle in the order Sessilia can have the same common name. There are approximately 30 different species in the genus Balanus, from the smallest in size, Balanus glandula, to the largest, Balanus nubilus. All Balanus species are hermaphrodites. Some additional examples of acorn barnacle species are: Balanus crenatus, Balanus eburneus, Balanus perforatus, and Balanus trigonus. Conservation Status Most Balanus species have not been evaluated by the the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Balanus aquila has been designated as data deficient. However, their range and prevalence continue to increase as barnacles attach themselves to boats and animals that displace them large distances. Sources Acorn Barnacle. Monterey Bay Aquarium, https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-and-exhibits/animal-guide/invertebrates/acorn-barnacle.Acorn Barnacle. Oceana, https://oceana.org/marine-life/cephalopods-crustaceans-other-shellfish/acorn-barnacle.Acorn Barnacle. Slater Museum Of Natural History, https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/exhibits/marine-panel/acorn-barnacle/.Balanus Aquila. IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, 1996, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2534/9450643.Lott, L. Semibalanus Balanoides. Animal Diversity Web, 2001, https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Semibalanus_balanoides/.

The American Epidemic of Obesity - 901 Words

As Americans we have made food not only a way to live but all help us with life events, whether emotional times or celebratory events we turn to food. However our society has been consumed with unhealthy food options readily available. This has in turn caused a huge medical epidemic in America. Obesity has and will put people at risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some types of cancer. More than one-third of American adults are obese (Ogden et al., 2012). By looking in depth at the obesity epidemic in America through the three major sociological perspectives (structural functionalist, social conflict, and symbolic interactionist) we are able to better discern this medical issue impacting the health of American people. Structural Functionalist Perspective The structural functionalist perspective would argue obesity in America is a necessary epidemic to our society. After all, structural functionalist believe that all mechanisms that exist a definite meaning and are useful to society as a whole. Structural functionalist could say that having overweight and obese people in the world causes us to put attention on the true problems of health care. Obesity for a structural functionalist is crucial for the continuous learning of human health and also for our love and hate relationship with food. Structural functional would also argue that having an obese population might inspire others to avoid the path of unhealthy habits. It would help people to makeShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : An American Epidemic1263 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Obesity: An American Epidemic America is facing a serious challenge! Children’s health is becoming a critical concern. Childhood obesity has become an â€Å"epidemic disease† that has rapidly grown over the years in the United States. 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Consumer buying behavior free essay sample

Through the interview of my friend Jamie Q’s experience of purchasing a luxury handbag, I realize how the consumer buying behavior operates in our real life. According to the experience of Jamie, she wants to buy a luxury bag, because she needs a bag, which can use at different situation. Also, she wants a luxury bag to improve the level of her taste. Then from the external searching she saw the a Prada bag at the Mission Impossible movie, and the leading lady was using this bag. After that, she starts searching more information about this bag on Google and Prada official web site. After the searching, she got the information that she needs. Through the evaluation of the criteria she got, she made her decision. When Jamie used the Prada bag, she was really satisfied about the product. Through explain Jamie’s buying behavior, people will clearly know the process of the consumer buying behavior and understanding it better. Background: Purchaser’s information: The purchaser is my friend and her name is Jamie Q. Product’s description: She bought a luxury tote, which is from Prada. It is a black Saffiano leather tote has double handle and detachable shoulder strap. There are two outside pockets on each side and two inside pockets. The price of this product on the Prada official website is 1,995 dollars. Date and location of purchase: She bought this bag at Italy at this summer. Approximate price paid: She bought this Prada tote for about 1,676 dollars, and there is 10% tax refund for tourist, so the final price of the bag is 1,508 dollar, which is much cheaper than the American web site. 1. Problem recognition Problem recognition describe: The initial step in the consumer buying behavior is problem recognition. Jamie realizes at her age, she does not really have a bag that can represent her taste, and can use it at any kind of situation. Therefore she really needs a bag that can use at different situation, which means the design should be is simple but chic. Jamie told me she has so many handbags, but there is no such a perfect handbag that she can use it at different situation. She told me she has so many bags to choose to fit the place she’s going to, she has to find a handbag that she can take to the engaging party, to the family’s party, and also to a date. Jamie said she is so tired of choosing a bag to fit the party she’s going to, so she really need a handbag that she can use at different situation, and she wants a luxury bag which can represent her taste. Role of psychological, social, situational influence She told me she has enough money to buy a luxury handbag. Depending on the psychological forces, she thought at her age owns a luxury handbag could improve her level of taste. It will be a turning point of her life, from a girl to a woman. After purchasing this Prada tote, she thinks people will trade her more seriously, and think she has a good taste. Role of marketing forces: Jamie knows there are so many luxury brand of handbags, and she knew that there will be a new collection for every year. 2. Search for Alternatives After the problem recognition, she starts to search the information about the bag, which is the second step of the consumer buying behavior. It has two parts, which is internal search and external search. When Jamie decided to buy a luxury handbag. She saw a movie star, Paula Patton was using a very fashionable Prada bag at the movie of Mission Impossible. The two ways of using the handbag was really attracted her attention. She told me she knew a little bit about Prada bags. This brand handbag is from Italy, and it is so popular at all ages female, because the design of the bag is so simple but fashion. And there are so many stars using this brand’s handbags before. Then from the external search, she searched some information that she does not know before on the Prada official website. She found there are some different colors and different size for this handbag. She also asks her friends who have already purchased this bag for more information. She found this bag has more sp ace to put her personal staff. And there are more pockets for her to organize her handbag. Also, the detachable shoulder strap is so convenient and special. So, she decided to purchase this Prada tote. Role of psychological, social, situational forces: From the psychological influences, Jamie has an ideal self-concept, she would like to see herself as a fashionable person. And she always follow the news of t every brand’s new collection. Depending on the social influences, that Jamie knows there is lots of famous people are using this Prada tote, and if she owns this Prada tote, people will think she has same taste with the famous people. Role of marketing forces: The Prada tote’s advertising is everywhere when it appears at the market, the fashion magazines, the movies, the famous people’s street style snaps. Jamie also saw the leading lady was using this new Prada tote at the Mission Impossible movie. Also, she has enough money to purchase this bag. 3. Alternative evaluation The third step of the consumer buying behavior is alternative evaluation. Jamie list and compare some criteria of purchasing this bag. Jamie has already decided that she was going to purchase a Prada handbag. First of all, there are several colors for her to choose, such as, yellow, blue, pink, navy, and red. At her first comparison she gave up the yellow, blue, red and navy, because they are not her favorite colors. Then from choose the best color between the pink and black she made a list, which showing below: Prada handbag Which color can use more often? Which color is always in style? Which color is more summer and special? Which color can use for a long time? Pink Fail Fail Win Fail Black Win Win Fail Win From the list she made she decision to buy a black Prada Tote. She told me, pink is really a summer color and attract people’s attention. However, consider she needs a bag she can use at different situation, and then the pink would not be the best choice. Also, while she is growing the color of the bag will become too over for her age. Black color seems more useful to Jamie, she thought black is more classic and will never out of style. She can use the black until she growing up and it still looks not to over. Then she compared to the size. There are three size, mini size, medium size, and large size. She told me that even thought the mini size is so cute but it is too small for her, because there is not enough space to let her put all her personal staff in it. The large size is too big, it makes her looks too adultness, which she does not want that happen. So, she decided to buy a black medium size Prada bag. Role of psychological, social, situational forces: From the psychological influences, Jamie thought these two bags are both fashionable, one can using at summer, the other one can use it at formal situation. From the situational influences, even two handbags are both beautiful, but the most important criteria is she need a bag that she can use at different situation. Role of marketing forces: She said there is no marketing influences at this stage, because both bags are from same brand, and has same price. 4. Purchase Decision The fourth step is purchase. After all the information search and evaluation of the alternative. She compared the price at different place she can purchase the tote. Even though she has enough money to purchase the bag that she wants, but she still would like to purchase this Prada tote at a cheaper price. There are three places she can purchase this handbag, which are official website, America, and Italy. Because, this Prada handbag is so popular of its design, it sold out immediately when it appears online. So, there are only two choices left for her. And then because, Jamie was going to travel to Europe after she made a decision of buying a Prada tote. And because this brand is from Italy, so it will be cheaper if her buy the Prada tote at the place of origin. So, she decided to buy the black medium size Prada bag at Italy when she travels to there at the summer break. Role of psychological, social, situational influence: From the psychological influences, there were lots of people were asking this bag at the store, she was so happy that they still have it available. From the situation influence, Jamie knows that she has enough money to purchase. What she need is to make a decision of the color. From the social influence, she tried both color at the store. Some consumer told her the black one is more classic and chic. Role of marketing forces: That all the brand of product are always cheaper if you buy it at the place of origin. 5. Postpurchase behavior After Jamie came back America with her Prada tote. She uses her new bag everyday. She is satisfied about what she bought. She told me that is the best choice she made. She found that the two ways of using this bag is really convenient. She can use it as a shoulder bag when she wearing some casual clothing. She also can use it, as a tote when she wants looks more elegant. She said she would strongly recommend this Prada tote to those people who need same handbags as her need. Role of psychological, social, situational forces: From the psychological forces, Jamie was very satisfied about what she purchased, it gave her the result that she wants. From situational influences, the bag she purchased was sold quickly at any Prada stores also the website, which makes her think she made a good decision. From social influences, there are some people told Jamie that she has a good taste, which made her really happy and satisfied her psychology needs. Conclusion All in all, we can know the process of consumer buying behavior from Jamie’s experience of purchasing the luxury bag. From understanding of consumer’s need, to search the information about the product and to make decision of purchasing, every step is connect with each other. The most important thing in this process is to figure out what consumer’s needs and wants, then you will need to satisfied their needs. Form the process you will find how consumer were struggling with the information search, evaluate options and make purchasing decision, and how they made their final choice to buy the product. Also, after the product purchased, how they evaluate the product if they satisfied about it. These are the exactly five stages of consumer buying behavior that I explained by Jamie’s experience, rely on her experience people may understand the consumer buying behavior and its five stages better.

The Assassin Essay Example

The Assassin Essay It was a cold winters night in Chicago, with temperatures well below freezing. The streets were concealed by a thick white blanket of snow, and patches of glistening ice were covering the dark alleys where the earlier blizzards had been unable to dump the snow. In the centre of the city was a small park. The park played host to an arboretum of oak and evergreen trees that cast dark, evil shadows, which would have sent cold, creepy shivers up the spine of the average person. If one looked very carefully, one would have spotted a man standing in these shadows, holding a mobile phone. The man was wrapped up warm like any sensible person would in this weather.He gave his origins away when he spoke, using mainly Australian slang he had learnt while growing up with the aborigines he considered family. He had been given a nickname that had stuck, in English, his name was The Assassin. This was because in his childhood, he was the best, but most savage hunter in the tribe. Now he was contrac ted to kill humans.He was in his mid thirties, but many would have mistaken him for a younger man. He measured about six foot six, and under his thermals he hid a bronze, and muscular body. He had thick brown hair, hidden by his woolly hat. His eyes were blue, and stood out under his thin eyebrows. His face was well shaved, and at this moment in time looked relentless. He waited for the call to come on the mobile phone that had been earlier switched to the silent mode. Finally he felt a vibration in his hand. He answered the call but didnt speak. The voice at the other end of the line gave him clear instructions.The club opens at 21.00 hours. I want you to be there at this time. The weapon has been hidden in the restroom, in the second cubicle from the left. After the kill, come straight to the airport where I will meet you, and we will catch the first plane back to Australia. Be at the airport by 23.00 hours. The key I gave you is for the red lotus car, registration H8R 2. The line went dead. The Assassin came slowly out of the shadows, into the bright light of a nearby park lamp. He cautiously scanned the park and surrounding street for a nearby person that could have heard him. Nobody. He began to make his way to the club. When he got out of the park, he dropped the phone down the drain, and carried on.At 22.00 hours, people making their way home past the club heard a series of loud gunshots, followed by the sound of petrified women screaming, from inside the club. The Assassin had killed the second most important man in the Red Fire gang, one of the leading gangs in Chicago. For him, that was the easy part, now he would have to get out of the club, and to the airport, without being spotted by the gang. He knew this would be impossible, but had prepared himself. He knew how to get out.He ran into the toilets and locked the entrance to give him more time. Yes, the fire exit was straight ahead. Everything had gone to plan, so far. He held his gun tightly. It was a single action semi automatic pistol with a Stainless Steel Slide ; Black Armory Kote Frame finish. In weight it was thirty ounces, and its length was eight and a half inches. It was his favourite gun.His finger was resting calmly on the trigger, ready to press it at the slightest hint of danger. He heard voices coming towards the toilet, so opened the fire exit and slipped into the dark alley. BANG! The shot narrowly missed his leg. He dived behind the bins that were opposite the exit. He quickly peered over the bins. BANG! The shot hit the metal bins. Again, the Assassin glanced over the side, this time taking aim with his gun. He fired once, twice and a third time. The body was lifeless even before it hit the ground. Making a soft thudding noise, like someone kicking a football. The Assassin ran out of the alley and sprinted across the now desolate streets, to the car that had been waiting patiently outside for the best part of the day. It was a red lotus, the perfect car fo r the job. It had been built for speed, and had been fitted with all the necessary gadgets for the job. He held the key in his hand and opened the car. He leaped inside and fumbled with the key to get the engine started. An ear-piercing screech, of a car skidding suddenly came from the alley. The gang was pursuing him. His engine begun to roar like a pride of hungry lions. A hail of bullets shattered the back window. By this time the Assassin had squeezed his foot on the accelerator and was racing off. The gang chased the Assassin as though the two cars were racing for the formula 1 title, the only difference being, that the gangsters would attempt to shoot at the lotus when given a clear shot.As agreed the lotus had been fitted with the gadgets that were needed to help the Assassin get rid of the pursuing car. Where the radio should have been, there was a row of ten buttons, each clearly labelled. The Assassin checked in the mirror to see how far away the chasing car was. It was ju st far enough. He pressed the button labelled nails. At the rear of the car, the number plate lifted up, and hundreds of small metal balls with spikes dropped all over the road. His pursuers were given no time. The nails effortlessly burst the tyres of their car, and the car was in no condition to chase.Back at the club, the raging boss had received identification of the killer of his successor, who was also a good friend. CCTV showed it was an Australian contract killer, known as the Assassin, From the report of the failed pursuers, it looked as though he was heading home, with his employer. The boss ordered one of his men to book him and his number three, Goldie, to Australia, where he would take care of the fools who had killed his number two.The weather in Cairns was scorching, the air was humid and felt tense as if it was holding its breath. The skies were clear, apart from a patch of clouds in the distance.In the arrivals lounge two locals were waiting, and seemed to focus one very person as they entered the lounge. After about ten minutes, one of the locals nudged the other and discreetly pointed at two men that were hurrying through the lounge with just a bag each. They fitted the description that had been given to them by The Boss a few hours earlier. One of them followed the two men as they walked outside, while the other stayed and waited for the boss and his accomplice to arrive. They were due to land in ten minutes.The Assassin and his boss got into the car. They knew that the gang would try to follow them and take their revenge, but also knew of the hundreds of squares kilometres of uninhabited rainforest just outside of Cairns. They needed to get outside of town and into the rainforest as quickly as possible to have the best chance of survival against the raging Red Fire gang.About three hundred yards behind, a car was trailing the Assassin. Inside the car, the man was speaking on his mobile phone,Yes boss, Im still following them, I am on the we st side. They seem to be heading to the rainforest. Do you still want me to follow?Yes. I will ring you in thirty minutes. I hope you know the rainforest well, for your sake. The boss hung up.The Assassin looked in his mirror. He saw that a car that had been waiting at the airport was following him, but he carried on driving as normal.I tell you what mate, I will kill all of them if you pay me double.Why?Because the Red Fire are coming after us, they have come into my territory. The rainforest is my home, if they come in after us, you can be sure that none of them will come back out.The Assassin turned into a narrow dirt track. A kilometre up the road, thedirt rack reached the brink of the rainforest, onwards it ran parallel to therainforest. It was from this point that the Assassin and his boss would enter the rainforest.As the winds breathed harder and more briskly, the patch of dark, dense clouds decided to wonder towards the rainforests. Many of the tropical birds had stopped si nging their blissful tunes, and were flying into the trees. The Assassin stopped the car at the opposite end of the road to the rainforest, and took the spare fuel out from the boot. He opened the back door of the car took out the bags and handed them to his boss who went and waited at the edge of the rainforest. The Assassin poured the dark liquid onto the seat of the car, and let it slowly treacle all over the seats. Then he took a lighter from his pocket, light it, and threw it into the car. He fearlessly watched the fire grow, from a small foetus, to the size of an adult human being in the space of a few seconds; he then walked calmly over to his boss, while the fire crackled behind him.Come on mate, we will wait for them in here. Weve got them now.The rainforest was a whole new world. As they stepped inside the forest, the scenery of vast fields of tall sugar cane changed to dense foliage. There were tall thin trees that stretched tens of metres into the sky. There were bigger trees, with tree trunks as wide as a car, and there were small plants, only a couple of metres in height. Little light was let into the forest. The light that the trees allowed through was focused on the ground like a torch being shone on a particular object at night.All the leaves and shrubs were a different shade of green, from nearly yellow in colour, to greens that were so dark they could have been black. The plants left little room for people to walk. Trees were packed so close together in some places that not even the thinnest person could fit through the gaps. Finding a path through the rainforest would be long, and tiring. One would have to have lived in the forest for a number of years to be able to visit the same place twice, by remembering how to getthere.As the Assassin led his boss through the rainforest, sounds indicated that they were not alone. A python the length of two adult humans was coiled around a branch of a nearby tree like a rope, the difference being this p ython had so much bulk it was as wide a rugby ball. Large insects were crawling along the ground, and trees, being eaten by small rodents scurrying along the ground.Look, drive over there. Doesnt that look like a burnt out car?Yes boss. I think its the Assassins car. Look Steve is there. It must be the Assassins. The local, who had been following the Assassin, had appeared next to the burnt out car, which still had smoke rising into the air. The local was signalling for the approaching four by four vehicle to stop. As the boss stepped out of the car, he began to explain what he saw.Gday boss. I saw then go into the rainforest about an hour ago, they cant have got far though, its like trying to find your way through fog in there.Ok. Good work. All three of us are going to go after them. I want them both dead. Steve, get the rucksack from the back, and Goldie, get three pistols from the car.The dismal clouds were now towering above the canopy of the rainforest, they looked angry. The wind had picked up speed and was howling through the rainforest, like a wolf, rustling the leaves of the trees as it passed. The air was holding its breath and was dry, waiting for a drink.The boss of the Red Fire and his companions, were making their way through the forest. The gigantic python was slithering through the forest towards the gang.Stop! cried the local, Steve. He put his hand to block the bosss way.There, see that python. Dont move.I havent got time for this, The boss said, in a tone of anger that would have frightened anybody. He took out his pistol aimed at the snake, and fired.Hear that mate? Asked the Assassin.That is them. I have a plan. We need to catch one of them first. You will wait here. And I will go and track them. Hold this pistol and fire two shots if you are in trouble. He handed his boss a revolver from his bag, swung it onto his back, and begun to jog, making his way around the trees, in the direction he heard the gunshot.As he neared the gang, he stop ped jogging, and regained his breath. He could hear them talking now, although he couldnt see them through the dense foliage. He had to think of a way to catch one of the leaders companions, at a time when they wouldnt notice, for his main plan to work. He knew how to hunt an animal in the rainforest, from his childhood. He climbed up a tree with such speed, he could have beaten a monkey, had it been a race. He began to make his way through the branches. He was getting closer to the gang every second. He was treating this as a hunt. He had to make himself blend in the background. He breathed, and moved every time the strengthening wind brushed the leaves.Boss. Ill catch up, I just need to relieve myself.Hurry up, I can sense us getting nearer to that fool from the NB. Just because he hired one of the best killers in the business, it doesnt mean he will get away from me!The local stopped and waited for his boss and Goldie to get out of sight. Unaware of what he was doing with his han ds, he pricked his finger on a thorn bush. At first droplets appeared, blood the blood then began to ooze out. Still, he unzipped his trousers. Ten metres above him, the Assassin was as silent as an owl flying through the night. He had picked up a small rock, the size of his hand and was holding it. He was going to pounce like a tiger. He was waiting for the right moment. He would knock this idiot out cold and take him back to where his employer was waiting. He knew that this local had no idea where he was leading the two members of his gang. He crouched down. Ready to pounce. The local finished. He was turning away. He jumped.The local looked up. The Assassin was coming towards him holding a rock. He had no time to think. He didnt feel anything. He just saw black.Above the canopy of the forest, the clouds gave a small rumble of thunder. It sounded like the drum roll that was played before someone is hanged, only quieter. The clouds released a few droplets of rain.The Assassin had p ut the local over his shoulders, and headed back to his boss. It would take longer, having to weave through the trees with the weight of an adult on his shoulders. He couldnt rest, he would rest when it was over. He still had a long way to go, if he was to succeed and get the money he needed.Boss, Steves been gone for at least a half hour, dont you think we should find him?Look Goldie, he has obviously lost himself, we dont have time to get him, thats a rule youll have to learn. Any man who gets behind is left behind.The two members of the Red Fire, who were pursuing the Assassin, were oblivious to the fact that they were getting closer to him and his boss, who were sitting down, in the trees. The boss was talking in a quiet voice, and pointing to his bag and then laughing at the Assassin, who wasnt saying anything.The clouds were now groaning at regular intervals. They were black in colour. The air was tense. The wind had ceased to blow. The temperature was cooler.The boss of the R ed Fire stamped on his finished cigarette; through the trees he had spotted the man who was responsible for the murder of his second. The Assassins back was turned away from him as he was facing his boss. Slowly and quietly the two members of the red fire began to unpack their sniper rifles, and pieced them together. They both knew whom they were going to shoot. Goldie was going to shoot the Assassin. The boss was going to shoot the bastard that paid the Assassin to kill his second. He signalled to Goldie. They were both now perfectly positioned to take their shots.Suddenly several bolts of lightening slashed the sky into pieces. The lightening bolts looked like a branch of a dead oak tree being draw across the sky by and invisible hand, stretching out to the ground. The sky darkened by the clouds, light up to be a purple colour. A noise sounding like two high voltage wires being touched together was heard across the sky. The sky went black. A tremendous crash of thunder scared the life of the boss of the Red Fire. They had to kill the boss and the Assassin, who were also frightened by the thunder, and the darkness of the rainforest. They fired a single shot at their targets simultaneously. The boss had been shot in the forehead. His body was resting on a tree. Blood began to dribble down his forehead. The Assassin had fallen forwards onto the ground. He had been shot in the back.Wait. The boss whispered. He squinted. As the body fell forward, he saw that the Assassin had his hands tied behind his back.The clouds could hold the rain no more. The rain fell from the sky with the force of a building collapsing. It thrashed the canopy of the rainforest, tens of metres above the two members of the Red Fire gang, trying to find a way to get through, to the ground. The lightening threatened once again, followed by the boom of the thunder, boasting its authority.The boss and Goldie were soaking wet, and were about to stand up.Before they moved, they each felt a pistol on the back of their head.Gday boys. You Americans are a gullible lot. Remember, Chicago was your land, Australia is mine. Do you think for one minute that I didnt know you were after me? You come into my territory, you die mate. The thunder erased the sound of the two bullets being shot. The Assassin bagged the two guns, then walked over to where his old boss, and the gagged Steve, who he had swapped clothes with lay. He took the bosses bag and opened it, shielding it from the rain with his body, yes, that was the money he had wanted, one hundred thousand pounds worth of cash. He emptied the cash into his bag and began to make his through the rainforest, he laughed as he thought how simple the operation had been. The American were stupider then he thought.Towards midnight the rain ceased, and the clouds drifted away, so that the sky was scattered with the incredible lamp of stars. Then the breeze died too and there was no noise save the drip and trickle of water that ran out of cl efts and spilled down leaf by leaf to the brown earth of the rainforest. The air was cool moist and clear, and the four bodies lay, waiting to be found, or to stay there forever.

Free Essays on The Client

The Client AUTHOR: John Grisham. OTHER INFORMATION: The book was first published by Century in the United Kingdom in 1993. The story is told by an omniscient narrator who shifts in the point of view. The story contains fory-two chapters. TYPE: novel SUBJECT: The story takes place in Memphis and tells about an eleven-year-old boy, Mark Sway, whom a secret is told where the corp of a US senator is hidden. Together with his lawyer, Reggie Love, they fight against the FBI, because they want to know the location of the murdered senator, at whatever cost of Mark and his family. SYNOPSIS: One day, Mark goes with his brother Ricky into the forest. While the boys are smoking, they see a man who wants to commit suicide. Mark wants to help the man and removes the hose from the exhaust. The man, who is a lawyer of a mafia boss, catches Mark and tells him, where the corp of a killed US senator is hidden. Mark is able to escape before the man kills himself. After that the boys run home and call the police. Mark is asked a lot of questions whether he knows the location of the body of the murdered senator. Mark can ´t stand the fact that everybody asks him questions and so he decides to hire a lawyer. Her name is Reggie Love, a woman who first of all does not take him seriously, but when Mark tells her his story, she agrees to take his case. Together, Mark and Reggie try to "fight" against the FBI and the state. The FBI agents think that Mark keeps very important informations because he does not tell the FBI even not the judge where the location of the corp is. After a long time the FBI understands Mark`s fear and so they offer the Sway-family to take part in the witness - protection - program. But Mark is still afraid because a mafia boss, Barry Muldanno, wants to kill him. Then Mark tells Reggie where the corp is hidden and so they go there to dig for it. They find the body and with a trick they, can get rid of the mafia, who ... Free Essays on The Client Free Essays on The Client The Client AUTHOR: John Grisham. OTHER INFORMATION: The book was first published by Century in the United Kingdom in 1993. The story is told by an omniscient narrator who shifts in the point of view. The story contains fory-two chapters. TYPE: novel SUBJECT: The story takes place in Memphis and tells about an eleven-year-old boy, Mark Sway, whom a secret is told where the corp of a US senator is hidden. Together with his lawyer, Reggie Love, they fight against the FBI, because they want to know the location of the murdered senator, at whatever cost of Mark and his family. SYNOPSIS: One day, Mark goes with his brother Ricky into the forest. While the boys are smoking, they see a man who wants to commit suicide. Mark wants to help the man and removes the hose from the exhaust. The man, who is a lawyer of a mafia boss, catches Mark and tells him, where the corp of a killed US senator is hidden. Mark is able to escape before the man kills himself. After that the boys run home and call the police. Mark is asked a lot of questions whether he knows the location of the body of the murdered senator. Mark can ´t stand the fact that everybody asks him questions and so he decides to hire a lawyer. Her name is Reggie Love, a woman who first of all does not take him seriously, but when Mark tells her his story, she agrees to take his case. Together, Mark and Reggie try to "fight" against the FBI and the state. The FBI agents think that Mark keeps very important informations because he does not tell the FBI even not the judge where the location of the corp is. After a long time the FBI understands Mark`s fear and so they offer the Sway-family to take part in the witness - protection - program. But Mark is still afraid because a mafia boss, Barry Muldanno, wants to kill him. Then Mark tells Reggie where the corp is hidden and so they go there to dig for it. They find the body and with a trick they, can get rid of the mafia, who ...

Racial Profiling

Racial Profiling Introduction Ever since the early civilization man has always discriminated fellow men on the basis of their color, age, gender among other many factors. In the United States of America, discrimination is more spread across the different race origins that the citizens bear.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Racial Profiling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The American population is made of people from different origins, for example, we have; the African American, Caucasians, Red Indians among others. Some races feeling superior to others have promoted discrimination for a very long period. One way through which this has been done is racial profiling (MacDonald 4). When the color of your skin or the origin of your race is used by the law enforcing officers as a basis of suspicion of having committed particular crimes in general non suspect investigations then that can be described as racial profiling (Glaser 4 ). This discrimination which most of the times has been based on religion, race, ethnicity or any other special character that one may be identified with undermines the human rights and freedom of every American citizen. It is a fact that law enforcement officers at all levels target people of certain races or ethnic groups most of the time as seen during traffic stops and inspection. For many years, Americans of African and Hispanic origins have complained of being victims of race profiling due to allegations of their likelihood of committing crimes compared to Americans of other races. For example, allegations of racial profiling have been on the policemen who suspect African American shoppers of being petty thieves. Individuals have been subjected to racial profiling when walking or shopping, for instance, blacks are often stopped and questioned by cops if seen walking in an area assumed to be a white dominated region (Muffler 2). This has become a major issue in the United State s of America some debating on its essence and why it should continue or it should stop and thus the need to look into the matter. Current System or the Way Things Are Currently Done In Regards to Racial Profiling In the recent years it has become a major concern to everybody on racial profiling. Laws seeking to ban racial profiling have been introduced in the congress for example Both S. 16(Daschle) and H.R 2364(Engel), (Laney 2), contains provisions relating to racial profiling. S.16 is an â€Å"omnibus civil rights bill, which includes provisions that would express a sense of the Senate that Congress enact legislation banning racial profiling and requiring law enforcement at the federal state and local levels to prevent the practice (Muffler 3).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The HR.2364 (Engel) aims to amend immigration and nationality act by establishing a Visa Fairness Commission to collect data on the ongoing racial profiling in the American Embassies and with the US border inspectors. The law enforcement departments have been accused of practicing racial profiling in their aim of controlling two vices: preventing the illicit drugs activities and containing terrorism threats. Many Americans disapprove traffic stops but when terrorism investigations are the claims of making the stops, then the Americans have no problem in allowing the vice to continue. The fact that the bombings of September 2001 were carried by attackers of Arab origin, other Arab citizens living in the country whether innocent or guilty have been faced with adverse cases of racial profiling; â€Å"50% Americans responding to a poll supported the laws requiring Arabs including those who are U.S. citizens to carry a special ID† (Muffler 6). Another study carried in the country by the Opinion Dynamics showed that â€Å"54% of American citizens approved the u se of racial profiling to screen Arab-male airline passengers. While in another carried by Cornell University â€Å"68% responded to racial profiling as a tool of fighting terrorism† (Muffler 6). Thus, race profiling is within many American citizens and any bid to eliminate the vice is expected to face all sorts of challenges. While all the claims about Muslims and their relation to terrorism might be true, it is worthy noting that terrorists of Middle East (as they are usually faced with higher risks of racial profiling) background could have migrated to Germany, England or any other country and thus racial profiling by use of the geographical factors is also not bound to work. The extent of racial profiling has been studied in some states, for example, in the Arizona Sentinel Investigation of all the vehicles which were stopped in the interstate highway in Florida, â€Å"While nearly 705 of the vehicles stopped belonged to the blacks and Hispanic, only a small 5% of the dr ivers were from the minor communities† (Muffler 7). Racial profiling violates the individual constitutional rights as stated in the supreme constitution of the United States of America. The fourth amendment of the United States of America protects every American citizen against any unreasonable searches and seizures (Kops 72) while the Fifth Amendment protects against discrimination based on ethnicity, race or nation of origin as experienced in racial profiling cases (Rezmovic Ekstrands 3).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Racial Profiling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fourteenth amendment of the constitution goes further and protects all American citizens by ensuring that they are provided with equal security and protection by the country laws thus those practicing racial profiling should be made aware that the constitution bars them from doing so. Why do you think racial profiling is unjust? Who suffers? Who benefits? Why is that unfair? Racial profiling is in no doubt unjust as it favors one group of people over the other. It is both wrong and ineffective on those who uses and for those who are subjected to. That is why racial profiling should be banned whether in fighting drugs or terrorism. It is important to note that it is not a race or ethnicity which commits a crime rather it is an individual people who commits the crimes and thus judge the people individually and not linking a whole group to the acts. Blacks have often been suspected of committing crimes more than other races thus faces more cases of racial profiling but the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE) argues against racial profiling by stating that while blacks may be responsible for a higher percentage of crimes committed within an area it does not mean that majority of blacks population should be held responsible for the crimes. Another case which makes racial profiling u njust is that certain communities are overly policed, unjustly scrutinized, and disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system while individually they might not have committed any crime. These victims of racial profiling have their liberty interests taken from them. They are stopped, searched, arrested, subjected to unwarranted force, detained in custody and in the most extreme cases, shot, tortured or killed as a result of being ill-perceived as a serious threat† (Sandborn, Bahdi, Parsons 2). Racial profiling also promotes cynicism about law enforcement and the judicial system amongst members of communities who are subjected to racial profiling thus decreasing the probability of citizen co-operation with law enforcers for legitimate investigations. The only claimed benefit to racial profiling is that the authorities are able to narrow their investigations down to certain characteristics within a certain race of a given suspect incase they have a reliable infor mation connecting to a certain crime which was committed somewhere rather than stopping and questioning every individual who passes through a police check (Korobkin 24).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A Legal Approach Would Entail On Making Policing a More Informative and Responsive Process Would Be My Approach towards Solving Racial Profiling Increasing the available information to the police can be a solution towards eliminating or reducing cases of racial profiling in the United States of America. With adequate information the police can be able to monitor and pin point the hot spots where much police presence and patrols are needed. Laws and legislations passed against racial profiling has been a major incentive to the adoption of technology by most law enforcers in order to change their approaches towards traffic stops. Once information is collected by the police for example about a crime committed somewhere and the details made public this creates a warning system to the people and incase the police may stop you according to the details already given in the public domain then no one will complain of discrimination or racial profiling. However, this data should always be aut henticated by the authorities to prevent chances of circulating the wrong information to the public thus making wrong traffic stops leading to increased racial profiling within the country. By the police making the information public, this would allow them to announce what their plans are and it can help in building trust between the public and the police. To end racial profiling, the police departments should be made to release all the relevant information that can be meaningful to communities and target groups. This information should be aggregated according to the interest groups addressing the systemic problems while much information should be released according to the individual characteristics. Engaging with the public is also another strategy through which the police can gather information from the public and this can help them in understanding how the community feels and what needs to be done to ensure cases of racial profiling are reduced. The rigid supervisory techniques u sed by the police should be dropped and a more respectful and participatory approach adopted by the police as they seek for information during traffic stops. How Would You Combat Those Arguments Supporting Racial Profiling? For those who supports racial profiling the following are the simple facts that they should note about racial profiling. Racial profiling can be used as a tool to distract law enforcers from gaining access information through better approaches, for example, the law enforcers should focus on the suspicious behaviors which should lead to arrests rather than basing their focus on race. Racial profiling also prevents the cops from serving the entire community due to the fact that it sends a message that a certain race can be trusted more than the other and other races are viewed more as criminals than normal citizens. This can lead to the less scrutinized race taking advantage of the situation and committing crime. Another weak factor about racial profiling is that i t leads to communities and law enforcers not cooperating in containing crime in an area since the communities are already aware that the police are biased against them (Hunter 16). More than often racial profiling is likely to lead to riots as reports of discrimination and torture of suspects goes round in the society the community is likely to riot against the practice. Finally, not only is racial profiling morally wrong but it is also against the supreme constitution of the United States of America, which under the 14th amendment states that people within the jurisdiction of the country should not be denied equal protection of the laws. Glaser, Jack. â€Å"The Efficacy and Effect of Racial Profiling: A Mathematical Modeling Approach.† Goldman School of Public Policy University of California, Berkeley, 2003. Web. Hunter, David Jr. An Analysis of Racial Profiling and the Consequences of Profiling Based Upon Race. Michigan: University of Michigan-Flint Department of Public Sa fety. 2003. Kops, Deborah. Racial Profiling, 21st Edition. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2006. Korobkin, Daniel. â€Å"Racial Profiling: A New Challenge in Public Policy.† Public Policy Concentration Thesis, 2002. Web. Laney, Garrine. â€Å"Racial Profiling: Issues and Federal Legislative Proposals and Options.† CRS Report for Congress, 2004. Web. MacDonald, Heather. â€Å"The Myth of Racial Profiling.† The Manhattan Institute, 2001. Web. Muffler, Stephen. Racial Profiling: Issues, Data and Analyses. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2006. Rezmovic L Evi Ekstrand E. Laurie. Racial Profiling: Limited Data On Available On Motorists Stop. New York: Diane Publishing, 2000. Sandborn, Tom; Parsons Olanyi; Bahdi Reem. â€Å"Racial Profiling Position Paper.† Civil Liberties Association, 2009. Web.

Economics Coursework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics Assignment - Coursework Example iew the decisions and behavior of individual households and firms in allocating limited resources.First to be considered are the demand drivers of the Toyota sedan.Toyota Motor Corp.s sedans have remained in high demand all over the world owing to the effective quality, design, pricing and reputed brand name of the company. The Camry remains the best-selling car in the United States for 13 out of the past 14 years and has effectively beaten competition from Hyundais Sonata, Kias Optimum and Fords Fusion. One major demand determinant is the price of the product and the prices of its competitor products. Toyota, through its effective lean management policies manages to price its sedans at competitive prices in the world market and through Total Quality Management, enforces high quality and safety standards in its cars that keep the demand high.Another demand driver is the rapidly growing population of the world and the even faster growing middle class as a result of increased income, r esulting in rise in demand for normal goods such as cars. For example, in India, the middle class enjoys a 4.9% increase in its annual income.Toyota Etios sedan sales in India are expected to go up by 32% in 2012. Moreover, the changing consumer tastes and preferences also determine the profitability of Toyota sedans.Consumers today demand fuel-efficient and eco-friendly cars accompanied with a more streamlined, comfortable andluxurious design. Toyota has launched sedans that cater to its customers demands. However, the global economic recession of 2008 adversely affected the sales of all automobile companies including Toyota since the depression hit the economies and the pockets of the public(Ball et al. 2012). Among supply factors, environmental conditions are significant. The 2011 Japan Tsunami wiped off 650 of Toyotas suppliers bringing the car production to a standstill and causing it to lose its sales by 7.8% in the U.S. market. Also, the recent Thai floods have caused parts

Childhood memories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Childhood memories - Essay Example The question often arose in my mind: who was holding them in the sky? At times, I used to get a simple answer that God was holding them so that we kids could watch and play with them. When I grew up I moved to a coastal city with my parents. Many small hills were lurking behind on north sides of the town. Fortunately, I got a company of Sarah, who lived in the city since her childhood, and she was well acquainted with the geography of the town. Once she took me to a nearby hill in the early morning hours to show me some rare birds. She told me that she visited this place after her school hours when she was in the 9th form. The hills were full of dense trees all around. The most fascinating thing was that variety of birds had their nests in these trees and the place was full of melodious sounds. She drew my attention to a bird called Yellow-billed Cuckoo. The bird had a typical hollow sound quite soothing to the ears. Sarah took me to a place at least 100 meters up in the hill, where I saw birds that she identified as bluebirds. Bluebirds had white stomachs, rust-colored breasts and bright blue feathers, and they were chirping all in unison. Sarah told me that their numbers were dwindling quickly due to ill doings of humans. At once, a thought came to my mind that with such beautiful species becoming extinct, humans will not be able to enjoy the beauty of nature. When I focused through my binoculars on the nest, I was amazed to see two little bluebird nestlings making noise – perhaps asking for the food from their mother. Mother Bluebird was feeding them with a great effort through her beak. It was indeed a greatest mystery – a mystery of creation in this universe, and I bowed down to Mother Nature with a feeling of awe. I have always been a moderate swimmer – moderate in the sense of not possessing any extra skills that are expected from a good swimmer. Perhaps, that is why I had a close encounter with death when I was at Fort Lauderdale Be ach on my vacation tour. Swimming in my customary style, I had gone a little far off. My friends were swimming at some distance. I was jolly making some movements in the water – perhaps attempting to do some water exercises to remain afloat effortlessly without realizing that my unique exercises would put me in great trouble soon. At some bad moment, my feet were stuck in some marshland. The more I tried to come out, the more immobile I became. I tried to scream but could not as my mouth was filled with water. I was losing my breath and power. I soon realized I was going to drown. But, as luck would have it, for a moment my head came out of water and I screamed loudly. Hearing my call, someone from nearby rushed quickly; he held my hand and pulled me out with full force. In the next moment, I was out of the marshland. The whole episode lasted only for a minute or so but the incident gave me an unforgettable near-death experience that will remain with me until the end of my li fe. Its memories still hound me. The most significant part of the episode was that I realized a true meaning of life – the life that encompasses a myriad of species on this planet. Sarah’s cousin, Sierra, was a most passionate dancer. When I saw her in one of her performances, I was amazed at the way she effortlessly performed a Swirling Sufi dance. I found her totally engrossed in the Dervish dance. Sierra told me about Nijinsky, an outstanding and the most cherished Russian dancer. When Nijinsky used to perform, one would feel as if he was out of bounds of gravitation. He would make a leap and fall as if a leaf was coming down slowly and slowly. Sierra would say, â€Å"Watching a dance is a good thing but performing it is a much deeper experience†

Criminal Investigation Project Essay Example for Free

Criminal Investigation Project Essay In this generation, all human being have to work to earn for living. However it is not possible for us to be able to do any kind of work. That is why work been divided into physical work and intellectual limitation. An individual’s personality can be exposed through the job that he or she is engaged with. This enables the particular person to improve his/her level of maturation, skills and talents. The most reason that lead psychologist, sociologist, anthropologists, economists is because of the company want a result of earning obtain with giving special attention to human factor, if people are at low level in terms of work value for example lack of skills, knowledge, personality, professional, experience, motivation, everything is useless. First terms of general psychology, and where warranted by special mention is â€Å"occupational psychology†. They prefer to use term â€Å"occupational psychology† because it seems more comprehensive and it include â€Å"occupational psychology† and â€Å"organizational and management psychology†. General psychology about the human personality Generally when dealing with human personalities issue, the presentation will full with sides, component, and aspect. There is no doubt with usefulness of every piece presentation of this psychological reality. Important things they should not lose sight of the whole structure. In reality personality component interact with each other, related with each other, giving birth to structure that already specific by architecture. To actual existence of individual with the matters not the presence or absence of one of these sides, not the degree of development but its own way as it is structure. That is why psychology should focus on personality, structure that lead to a psycho-behavioural level, and lead to many effects. Personality which mediates perception and acceptance of external influence, it integrates them into levers. Its leaves mark on psychology phenomena on any reaction, even on human face. Only man has personality and as it arises and develops it produces the following effect: * Stabilize conduct * Unitary direction * Provides consensus though and fact, project and realizations * Adapts them to the present, but also on future * Exploits all opportunities and human capabilities * Makes deep involvement in dealing with people, tending to its creative transformation Personality is not present at birth. It is formed from the age of three and it is also based on environment around them, it is also not simply a psychological aspect of human life, but totality of diverse and numerous components. Therefore, one personality with full knowledge is not easy and also not good for mentality. Although comprising large number of components, personality is not simply their sum, but whole is based on human behaviour, should direct and lead them in relation to the environment. Features of personality as a whole is common to all, the organization of elements, is the level of development from person to person, personality is unique and original in each of human being that is why everyone have different personality. Personality is strongly determined and conditioned by man’s social existence. Socio cultural framework does not appear with all personality and self-organization. Personality is being influence by micro-environment, so if the micro-environment is good then the personality will be good and if not will be otherwise. All kind of personality traits are related with each other, it is very strong and its form, the fact, the structure. It develops over time and differs from one person to another person based on: * Level of development its component * Level of integration of element in whole personality * Stability of the structure of personality Personality operates like system 24 hours every day even in sleeping, its alive and dynamic. There are close relation and been organized in hierarchy, relation between them is substantial-energetic, functional, direct and reverse information. Activity is important of existence of man and his psychic, the one that lead to sedimentation and mental crystallization, emerge of relatively changes of structure. In analogy to the resolute-productive mechanisms of the transformative-constructive finalities and activities, in the structure of personality the resolute-productive subsystem is developing. Subsystem might be placed on edge of instrumental subsystem. Analogy constructed personality structure with human activity seems to be the most suitable for organizational and management psychology. Approach perspectives to personality In practical analysis and interpretation of reality, it may be a physical, human or social, the great importance is the theoretical concept of where it starts, and human personality study is more complex and dynamic. â€Å"Treaties of the psychology of personality settle to stock, to present a descriptive manner, theoretical models, sometimes associated methods and, rarely, to propose explanatory models, integrationist, combination of models, theories, schools or methods† (by Anita, 2000, pg18). * Golu .M (1993) identifies four main orientations in the study of personality: * Biologist orientation * Experimentalist orientation * Psychometric orientation * Sociocultural and anthropological orientation * Zlate M. (1997) conducted a survey of the main insights of the personality approach and systematized them into four board categories: * Atomistic perspective * Structural perspective * Systematic perspective * Psychosocial perspective FIRST PAGE Conducting Successful Interrogations By David Vessel, J. D.,FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Oct. 1998. Obtaining information that an individual does not want to provide constitutes the sole purpose of an interrogation. A successful interrogation results in a guilty or involved criminal suspects making a confession or admitting participation in an illegal activity. However, interrogators frequently do not acquire information critical to successful case resolution. Often, guilty suspects leave the interrogation environment without making the smallest admission. Many experienced officers leave an interview or interrogation knowingly outwitted by the suspects. When these situations occur, criminals go unpunished and remain free to strike again, causing the entire community to suffer. Interrogations can fail for any number of reasons. Some reasons are foreseeable; some are not. However, interrogators can increase their success rates by eliminating or minimizing identifiable causes of failure. Once investigators have identified these factors, they can consider and act upon them to increase the probability of successful interrogations. These major components include preparing for the interrogation, distinguishing between interrogations and interviews, developing persuasive themes and arguments, establishing a set plan, building a good relationship with the interrogation subject, allowing enough time for the interrogation, acquiring adequate interrogation training, and understanding that some interrogations will fail regardless of any amount of effort employed. While not all-inclusive, these factors prove vital to successful interrogations. LAST PAGE CONCLUSION Interrogations fail for any number of reasons. Addressing and eliminating the interrelated, identifiable causes can prevent most failures. Preparing adequately, understanding the interrogation process, and appreciating the subjects needs and values remain paramount in achieving successful interrogations. Additionally, sufficient training and ample experience in conducting interrogations provide specific assistance to investigators involved in the process. Establishing a well-developed plan and allowing sufficient time for the interrogation to evolve also prove important factors in ensuring successful interrogations. All of these elements need constant attention for investigators to acquire the information critical to successfully resolve their cases. Properly addressing these factors greatly contributes to increasing the number of confessions obtained from guilty or involved suspects and to reducing the number of times officers are duped by these individuals. While interrogation failures impact all aspects of the criminal justice system, the investigators conducting these inquiries remain the most critical factor in reducing these failures. With adequate training, increased awareness, and established plans officers can become successful interrogators and effectively reduce the number of unsolved crimes that plague not only the law enforcement community but also the general, law-abiding population. SUMMARY CONDUCTING SUCCESSFUL INTERROGATIONS Interviewing is one form of communication that is used extensively by the law enforcement. Whether used to screen applicants, to elicit information from a witness to a crime, or to obtain a confession, a good interview can have a significant impact on an organization. However, if conducted improperly, the interview may be rendered worthless or can result in serious negative consequences for all involved. There can be many reasons why interrogations fail, some foreseeable, some not. But by eliminating and minimizing identifiable causes of failure such as preparing for the interrogation, establishing a set plan, building a good relationship with the interrogation subject etc., investigators can have a more higher rate of success. The important factors when conducting an interrogation:- Preparing the Investigation The most important factor is developing a preparation plan. Factors to consider when preparing this plan are the setting and environment, knowledge of case facts, familiarity with subjects’ backgrounds, and methods of documenting confessions. Setting and Environmental Consideration It is important that the investigator be in control of not only the flow of the interrogation but also the environmental setting such as a small, controlled, sound-insulated room that is free from diversions. This ensures that the suspects are only allowed to concentrate on answering the relative questions. Case Facts Knowledge The investigator should have full knowledge of all the facts of the case as well as know which factors are the more important ones. When an investigator is able to state out these facts confidently and with proof, the subjects are more likely to provide the necessary vital information. Familiarity with Subjects Backgrounds Having good knowledge of a subject’s background, such as their feelings, attitude and personal values as subjects usually make confessions based on how they feel then defend themselves with logic. Documenting Confessions Officers/investigators should settle all details regarding the documentation of the interrogation that is the video or audio recordings as well as written documentation, before beginning the interrogation so as to not make the subject feel unimportant and lead to an unsuccessful interrogation. Distinguishing Between Interrogation and Interviews There should be a clear distinction between an interview and an interrogation. An interview should always be conducted first before deciding on an interrogation. Interviews are done to get all the most basic information of the suspects’ involvement of a case. Once it is confirmed that the suspect is involved only then should they proceed to an interrogation. Developing Persuasive Themes and Arguments It is important to have the proper arguments and themes in persuading the subject to tell the truth. Three points stated that will help to make the interview successful in this area are first, investigators should gain more experience as every interview conducted provides different ideas. Second is planning their themes and arguments so as to tackle the subject into answering inquiries, but in a legal way. Third would be conducting good first interviews and identifying the subjects’ key responses, allowing there to be plenty of topics to be converted into themes.

Crossfire :: essays research papers

One characteristic of Matt Cordell in the book, Crossfire, by H Edward Hunsburger, is risky. Cordell risks his life by getting into gunfights to help recover the missing merchandise. He also risks the lives of his customers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matt Cordell has been noticed before for his outstanding recoveries. He had received a telegram from a woman, Elizabeth Talbert, who requested him to meet her at the Interocean Hotel. She had something important to ask him. When he got there, Mrs. Talbert told Cordell what was so important. She wanted Cordell to find her son, who had left a month ago to paint. She had money stored in a bank in Tucson, but it was never withdrawn. Cordell did not agree with it right away, but with Mrs. Talbert’s persuasive talking, he ended up taking the job. The catch was that Mrs. Talbert would go along, Cordell did not agree with this. The next day, they headed out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While riding, they came upon a dead man. He had a bullet hole in his chest, and all of his pockets were turned inside out. The body had not been lying there long, and there were still tracks around the body and hoof prints from the horses. Cordell loaded the body onto the horse, and they rode to Benson. When they got to Benson, they headed to the office of Sam Keaton, the sheriff. Sam was not a nice guy, and Cordell could tell from the beginning that there was something bad about him. Cordell talked to Sam about the killing and asked if Sam would arrange a proper burial. When Mrs. Talbert and Cordell left, they went to the stable and met Jamie Kilcannon. Later, they went to the hotel and checked in. Cordell told Mrs. Talbert to meet him in an hour, and they would go get something to eat. But instead, Mrs. Talbert snuck out. When Cordell noticed that she was gone, it was already too late. She was in a bar with a bunch of rough men, and Cordell had to fight them to save her. They barely escaped and went back to the motel room. Late that night when Cordell was sleeping, he heard the scraping of a key in the lock of his door. The person at the door was Meg Demsey, a saloon girl. She told Cordell that she had some information on Paul. She had a drawing of her signed by Paul.

High School and Education Essay

1a) Cultural Deprivation -Intellectual Development: development of thinking and reasoning skills. Theorists would argue that many WC homes lack educational books, toys and activities that would help stimulate a child’s intellectual development. Douglas- WC pupils scored lower on test of ability, as their parents are less likely to support their children’s intellectual development. Bernstein and Young- mothers choose toys that influence intellectual development. Criticism: WC may not be able to afford these toys etc. -Language: children fail to develop necessary language skills and grow up incapable of abstract thinking and unable to use language to explain, describe, enquire and compare. Restricted & Elaborated code; Bernstein. MC have an advantage as the elaborated code is used by teachers, text books and exams. Also MC pupils are already fluent speakers (socialisation) so they ‘feel at home’ in school and are more likely to succeed. Criticism: Bernstein describes WC speech inadeq uate. -Attitudes and Values: Parents attitudes and values are a key factor affecting educational achievement. Douglas- WC parents place less value on education. Feinstein- the lack of interest is more important than financial hardship or factors within school. Many WC subcultures have different goals, beliefs, attitudes and values from the rest of society. Hyman- WC subculture is a self-imposed barrier to educational success. Sugerman- Fatalism, Collectivism, Immediate Gratification, Present-time Orientation. WC children internalise the beliefs and values of their subculture through the socialisation process meaning under-achievement. -Compensatory Education: Policy designed to tackle the problem of CD by providing extra resources to school and communities in deprived areas. E.g. Sure Start, Education Action Zones etc. Criticism: Don’t see the real cause of under-achievement (poverty and material deprivation). -Criticisms: Keddie; CD is a myth and blames victims. A child cannot be deprived of their own culture they are just culturally different. Troyna and Williams; teachers have a ‘speech hierarchy’ where MC speech is highest. Blackstone and Mortimore; parents attend fewer parent evenings as they may work longer hours/less regular hours or put off by school’s MC atmosphere. Also may not help their children’s progress as they lack the knowledge. -Studies show that WC children are more likely to leave school from the age of 16 and are less likely to go on to sixth form and university. Also working-class children are more likely to start school unable to read, and are more likely to fall behind in reading, writing and number skills. 1b) Material Deprivation -Referred to poverty and lack of material necessities (housing/income). -Stats; 32% of WC students were considering moving out of the family home to attend university. 90% of failing schools are in deprived areas. 33% of those receiving free school meals got 5 or more A*-C GCSE grades. 90% of ‘failing’ schools are located in deprived areas. -Housing- overcrowded housing means less space to do work, play, sleep etc, and greater risk of accidents. -Diet and health- lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor nutrition -> weaker immune system -> lowering children’s energy levels -> get ill easier (poor attendance at school). WC children are more likely to have behavioural or emotional problems. -Financial Support- WC children lack equipment and miss out on school trips. They also make do with hand-me-downs (results in being stigmatised/bullied). Children living in poverty take on jobs (baby sitting, cleaning, paper rounds) which has a negative impact on their school work. Also very few go on to university. The government has tried to tackle this problem, e.g. EMA, raising the school leaving age and providing free-school meals. -Criticisms: Ignores internal factors and cultural deprivation. 1c) Cultural Capital -Bourdieu suggested MC culture is as valuable in educational terms as economic capital. The forms of knowledge, values, ways of interacting and communicating ideas that MC children possess are developed further and rewarded by the education system (qualifications).WC have a lack of cultural capital which leads to exam failure. They also ‘get the message’ that education isn’t meant for them thus they truant/leave school early/provide no effort. -Education, economic and cultural capital can be converted into one another. E.g. MC children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet the demands of school and gain qualifications. Wealthier parents can convert their economic capital into educational capital by sending their children to private schools, and paying extra tuition. -Gewirtz: sees how greater parental choice of school has benefited one social class more. Study; 14 London schools with interviews from parents and teachers. She found that differences in economic and cultural capital lead to class differences in how far parents can implement choice of secondary school. She identifies three main types of parents; privileged-skilled choosers (MC parents who used their economic and cultural capital to gain educational capital for their children), disconnected-local choosers (WC parents whose choices were restricted by their lack of economic and cultural capital), and semi-skilled choosers (mainly WC who were ambitious for their children but lacked cultural capital). Internal Factors (class difference) 2a) Labelling -Attaching a meaning to someone. Teachers often attach labels regardless of their ability or attitude. -Howard Becker- Did a study based on interviews with 60 Chicago high school teachers; they judge pupils to what they think is the ‘ideal pupil’. WC children were furthest (regarded as badly behaved). -Cicourel and Kitsuese- Did a study of educational counsellors in an American high school; they claimed to judge students according to their ability, however, they judged students on their social class/race- MC have more potential than WC children. -Rist- Did a study of an American kindergarten; the teacher used information about children’s background and appearance to place them into separate groups. At the front was the ‘tigers’ (MC, given complex work), ‘cardinals’ and then the ‘clowns’ (given easy work like drawing). -Sharp and Green- Did a study about a ‘child-centred’ primary school; children picked their own activities, teachers felt when a child is ready to learn they will seek help. However, teachers believed that children who weren’t ready should engage in ‘compensatory play’. Their findings support the interactionist view that children of different class background are labelled differently. They argue that the negative labelling of the WC is also the result of inequalities in wider society. 2b) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy -A prediction that comes true because it has been made. Step 1: Teacher labels pupil and makes predictions. Step 2: Teacher treats the pupil accordingly. Step 3: Pupil internalises the teacher’s expectation which becomes part of their self-concept/image, and becomes the kind of pupil the teacher believed (prediction is fulfilled). -Streaming: involves separating children into different ability groups (streams). Each group is taught differently. Studies show that the self-fulfilling prophecy is likely to occur once streamed. WC children are usually put in a lower stream as they aren’t ‘ideal pupils’. It is difficult to move up into a higher stream thus are locked into their teachers expectations -> self-fulfilling prophecy as the children live up to their teachers expectations by under-achieving. 2c) Pupil Subcultures -A group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns. They emerge as a response to the way pupils have been labelled (reaction to streaming). -Lacey: Differentiation- process of teachers categorising pupils according to their ability/attitude/behaviour. Polarisation- process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of the two opposite extremes. Pro-school subculture- placed in higher streams, remain committed to the values of school and gain status through academic success. Anti-school subculture- placed in lower streams, have inferior status. -Hargreaves: There are two distinctive subcultures: Conformists and Non-conformists delinquents (a delinquent subculture that helped guarantee their educational failure). -Woods: argues that rather than seeing pupil subcultures as either conformist or deviant, it is more realistic to see a variety of possible adaptations/responses to the schooling process. Pro-school: Ingratiation (pupils who try to earn the favour of teachers), Opportunism (those who vary between teacher and peer approval), Compliance (pupils who conform for instrumental reasons), Ritualism (pupils who go through the motions), Colonisation (pupils who avoid trouble, but will deviate if there is less punishment). Anti-school: Ritualism, Retreatism (not opposed to school values, but not concerned about achieving success), Colonisation, Intransigence (deviate and aren’t bothered about the consequences), Rebellion (pupils have little regard to school values and reject school teachings). -Ball: found that when the school abolished banding, the basis for pupils to polarise into subcultures was largely removed and the influence of the anti-school subculture declined. However, differentiation continued. As a result, class inequalities can continue due to teachers labelling. -Limitations: Deterministic: assumes that once pupils are labelled, they have no choice but to fulfil the prophecy and will inevitably fail. Ignores wider structures of power: blames teachers for labelling pupils but fails to explain why. 2d) Marketisation and Selection Policies -Marketisation is a policy that introduces market forces of supply and demand into areas run by the state. Marketisation has brought in; Funding formula (giving a school the same amount of funds for each pupil), Exam League Tables (ranking schools based on their exam performance), Competition among schools to attract pupils. -A-C Economy: Schools need to achieve a good league table position to attract pupils and funding. However, this widens the class gap in achievement. The A-C economy is a system in which schools ration their time, money, effort and resources to those who will get 5 A*-C GCSEs to get a high rank. -Educational Triage: sorting pupils; ‘those who will pass anyway’, ‘those with potential’, ‘hopeless cases’. Those classed as hopeless cases are ignored (self-fulfilling prophecy and failure). -Competition and Selection: Schools with a good league table position will be placed to attract other able/MC pupils. Thus improves the school’s results and makes it more popular which increases funding. Popular schools can afford to screen out less able and more difficult pupils, unpopular schools are obliged to take the, get worse results, and get less funding. Cream skimming: selecting higher ability pupils, who gain the best results and cost less to teach. Silt-shifting: off-loading pupils with learning difficulties, who are expensive to teach and get poor results. -Attraction: creating school contracts to attract parents, buying things like pipe organs to get a ‘traditional’ image of the school (attracting the MC), grant maintained and city technology colleges provide vocational education in partnership with employers (another route to elite education). Ball et al suggests that schools spend more on marketing themselves to parents, and spend less in special needs in other areas. -Marketisation and selection – created a polarised education system, with successful, well-resourced schools at one extreme, and failing un-resourced schools at the other; blurred hierarchy. External Factors (ethnic differences) 3a) Cultural Deprivation -Intellectual and linguistic skills: Major cause of under-achievement. Many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. This leaves them poorly equipped for school because they have not been able to develop reasoning and problem-solving skills. Also the language used by black children in inadequate for educational success. Also those who don’t speak English at home may be held back educationally. However, Mirza and Gillborn note that Indian pupils do very well despite not having English as their home language. -Attitudes and Values: Lack of motivation is a major cause of the failure of black children. Many children are socialised in a mainstream culture of ambition, competitiveness and willingness to make scarifies to achieve long-term goals. Black children are socialised into a fatalistic subculture. -Family structure: Failure to socialise children adequately is the result of dysfunctional family structure. Many black families are headed by a lone-mother; their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially due to the absence of the male breadwinner. The absence of the father also leads to the absence of the positive role model. Charles Murray: would lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Pryce: Asian pupils are higher achievers because their culture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. Black culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. Thus they have low self-esteem and under-achieve. -Asian families: Driver and Ballard: they bring educational benefits as the parents have more positive attitudes towards education, higher aspirations and are therefore more supportive. Lupton: respectful behaviour towards adults was expected from children, and had a knock-on effect in schools. Khan: parents are ‘stress ridden’, bound by tradition, and controlling. -Criticisms: Driver: ignores positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. Lawrence: black pupils under-achieve because of racism not self-esteem. Keddie: victim-blaming theory. They under-achieve because schools are ethnocentric and favour white culture. Compensatory Education: it is an attempt to impose on the dominant white culture on children who have a culture of their own. Critics propose 2 alternatives: Multicultural education: recognises values of minority cultures and includes them in the curriculum. Anti-racist education: challenges the prejudice and discrimination that exists in schools and wider so ciety. 3b) Material Deprivation -Stats: 1) Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are more likely to be in low-paid jobs. 2) 15% of ethnic minority households live in overcrowded conditions. 3) Unemployment is three times higher for African and Bangladeshi/Pakistani people. -Gillborn and Mirza argue that social class factors don’t ignore the influence of ethnicity. When we compare pupils of the same social class but different ethnic origins, we still find differences in achievement. 3c) Racism in Wider Society -David Mason: ‘Discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizen’s of ethnic minority origin’. -Rex: shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. E.g. housing; minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard accommodation than whites. -Noon: two people with the same qualifications and experience applied for a job. However, the white person got the job, rather than the Indian. Thus shows that ethnic minorities are more likely to face unemployment and low pay. Internal Factors (ethnic differences) 4a) Labelling and Teacher Racism -Interactionists: They see that teachers picture an image of the ‘ideal pupil’. But they see that black and Asian far from the ideal pupil. This leads them to label black pupils as disruptive and aggressive, and Asian pupils as passive and a problem they can ignore. -Gillborn and Youdell: due to racialised expectations, teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils than others for the same behaviour. -Black pupils: Teachers misinterpreted their behaviour as threatening/challenge to authority. Pupils then responded negatively and further conflict resulted. This may be why many black pupils are excluded, and their stereotypes may cause them to be in lower sets (under-achievement). -Asian pupils: Teachers assumed that they would have a poor grasp of English and left them out of class discussions or used simplistic childish language. They also felt isolated when teachers mispronounced their names or teachers expressed disapproval of their customs. 4b) Pupil Responses and Subcultures -Fuller: Study of a group of black girls in year 11. Found that the girls conformed as far as school work was concerned. They worked consistently, but gave the appearance of not doing so (positive attitude to academic success, but preferred to rely on their own efforts than teachers). Fuller sees that pupils may still succeed even when they refuse to conform, and negatively labelling doesn’t always lead to failure (no self-fulfilling prophecy). -Mirza: Study of ambitious girls who faced teacher racism. The study failed as their coping strategies restricted their opportunities and thus under-achieved. She found that racist teachers discouraged black pupils from being ambitious through the kind of career advice that was given to them. The colour blind: teachers who believe all pupils are equal but allow racism got unchallenged. Liberal chauvinists: teachers who believe black pupils are culturally deprived and had low expectations of them. Overt racists: teachers who believe blacks are inferior and discriminate against them. -Sewell: Four ways in which boys respond to racist stereotyping: Rebels (rejected both the goals and rules of school, conforming to the stereotype of the ‘black macho lad’. Saw white boys as effeminate), Conformists (keen to succeed, accepted the school’s goals and avoided stereotypes from teachers or their peers), Retreatists (disconnected from both school and black subcultures), Innovators (pro-education but anti-school). 4c) The Ethnocentric Curriculum -Ethnocentric: attitude/policy that gives more value to one culture and ignores the rest. -The curriculum is very ethnocentric (favouring white culture). E.g. in teaching languages; non-European languages are ignored (also other cultures in literature, art and music). However, in history, black history is taught, but it is focused on slavery. This may produce lower self-esteem to black pupils as this image of black people as inferior undermines them and may lead to failure. 4d) Institutional Racism -Institutional racism: discrimination that is built into the way institutions operate. -Schools tend to set schemes for the gifted and talented, and vocational schemes for the less academic e.g. black and Asians. External Factors (gender differences) 5a) Girls -Feminism: McRobbie shows that magazines in the 1970’s emphasised the importance of getting married. Whereas, nowadays, they contain images of assertive, independent women. Also soap operas now highlight the importance of self-esteem and personal choice for young women. -Family: Sine the 1970’s there have been major changes in the family. For example: an increase in divorce rates, increase in cohabitation and a decrease in the number of first marriages, increase in the number of lone-parent families (female-headed) and smaller families. These changes affect girl’s attitudes to education. Such as: the increase in female lone-parent families may mean more women need to take on the breadwinner role. This creates a new adult role model for girls- the financially independent. To achieve this, women need well-paid jobs, and thus good qualifications. Also the increase in divorce rates suggests that girls can make their own living. -Employment: 1970 Equal Pay Act (illegal to pay women less for the same job as men), Sex Discrimination Act. Women’s employment has risen due to the service sector and flexible part-time work. 1975- The pay gap between men and women has increased. Women are now breaking through the ‘glass ceiling’ (keeps them out of high-level professional managerial jobs). -Ambitions: Sharpe- study involved conducting interviews with girls in the 1970’s and 1990’s. In the 1970’s the girls felt that education with unfeminine and if they were interested, it would make them unattractive. In the 1990’s, the girl’s ambitions had changed, and thought careers are more important as they can support themselves. 5b) Boys -Feminisation of education: Schools do not nurture ‘masculine’ traits such as competitiveness and leadership. Also coursework has created differences in educational achievement. -Shortage of male primary school teachers: Strong positive male role models both at home and at school cause may cause under-achievement. 16% of men are primary school teachers. 42% said they made them work harder. Yet, Myhill and Jones found they felt male teachers treated boys harshly. -‘Laddish’ subculture: WC boys are more likely to be labelled as sissies and subjected to homophobic verbal abuse if they appeared to be ‘swots’. Boys were more concerned to be labelled by peers than girls, as it is a threat to their masculinity. Thus, WC boys rejected schoolwork to avoid being called ‘gay’. Epstein- ‘real boys don’t work’ if they do, they get bullied. Internal Factors (gender differences) 6a) Girls and Achievement -Equal opportunities policies: Policies such as GIST and WISE encourage girls to pursue a career in non-traditional areas. The National Curriculum has removed one source of gender inequality by making girls and boys study mostly the same subjects. Also schooling has become meritocentric. -Positive role models: The increase in female teachers shows that women can achieve positions of importance and giving them non-traditional goals to aim for. -GCSE and coursework: Girls are more successful in coursework as they are more conscientious and better organised. Sociologists argue that these characteristics and skills are the result of early gender socialisation. E.g. girls are likely to be encouraged to be neat, tidy and patient. This puts girls in a better place as they achieve greater success. Elwood- not the only cause of the gender gap. -Teacher attention: Teachers paid more attention to boys as they are attracted to reprimands. This may explain why teachers have more positive attitudes to girls, whom they see as cooperative, than to boys, whom are seen as disruptive. This may lead to self-fulfilling prophecy in which successful interactions with teachers promote girls self-esteem and raise the achievement levels. -Challenging stereotypes in the curriculum: Sexist images have been removed from learning materials. This may help raise girl’s success levels- more positive images of what women can do. -Selection and league tables: Girls are more likely to be recruited from good schools as they are more attractive to schools. This may create a self-fulfilling prophecy. -Feminists: Liberal- See that further progress will be made by the continuing developments of equal opportunities, and see education is a meritocracy. Radical- System still remains patriarchal. E.g. sexual harassment continues, education still limits their subject choice and career options, females are less likely to become head-teachers.